An Explanation of the Resolving Power of Telescopes

Posted under Education, Uncategorized by admin on Wednesday 31 December 2008 at 6:00 pm

Resolving power is not as well understood as the magnification of telescopes. Yet it is more important. This article explains resolution, what it is, and how to calculate it.

Magnification of a telescope is easy to understand. The higher the power the closer the look we get at images in the night sky (the bigger they look). Resolution is another critical component of telescopes and it is very easy to understand if you think of it like television sets. Older televisions have a certain number of lines of resolution and the ne
high definition sets have many more lines of resolution so you get a sharper and more detailed image. The same applies to telescopes; the higher the resolution the more lines of information we get so the better the image. And this resolution has nothing to do with magnification. If you get closer to your television does the image get sharper? No. It just gets bigger. The resolution remains the same.

The factors that affect resolution

The wavelength of the light being observed is a factor in resolution. The higher the wave length of the light the more waves a telescope sees so the more information it gets, and the better the resolution. A second factor is the size of the telescope objective. The bigger the lens or mirror the more wavelengths it will gather. And more wavelengths mean better resolution.

Formula for resolution

This relationship between the wavelength of the light and the diameter of the telescope objective gives us, along with a constant, a formula for calculating the resolution in arc seconds. Divide the diameter of the telescope objective by the wavelength of the light being observed then multiply this by 252,000 (which is our constant). This gives you the resolution in arc seconds. (Resolution = 252,000 X (wavelength) /(diameter)). You can see that the larger the telescope the smaller the resolution is in arc seconds. And the smaller the resolution in arc seconds the better. It is like smaller lines on your high definition television. Smaller lines means more lines per inch or centimeter and a crisper, sharper image.

Other Factors in Telescope Resolution

Atmospheric conditions are a big factor in resolution. A turbulent, thick, or unsteady atmosphere will distort the wavelengths coming into the telescope and distort the quality of the light and information. This will reduce the resolving power.

The quality of the telescope is another factor. High quality scopes with good optics will correctly gather good information and give you good resolution. Poor quality optics will distort the images and give you a lesser resolution.

Resolution, while lesser known than magnification is much more important. It is the factor that determines the quality and sharpness of what you see through the telescope and it is the reason why bigger telescopes are better than smaller ones.

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Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

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Scientific Terms Associated With Immunoassays

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

The exact definition of immunoassay can vary based on where and in what environment it is being used. For example, Wikipedia defines it as "…a biochemical test that measures the concentration of a substance in a biological liquid, typically serum or urine, using the reaction of an antibody or antibodies to its antigen."  A dentist may define it differently from a veterinary though. The terms typically associated with immunoassays stay relatively consistent though, as seen in the glossary below.

Antibody:
/b> An immunoglobulin that recognizes some portion of an antigen molecule. The antibody contains a species-specific Fc region and antigen-specific Fab portion.

Analyte: The molecule being quantified or analyzed.

Antigen: A molecule that is specifically bound by a given antibody.

Bo: The binding maximum in competitive immunoassays. The Bo typically contains antibody, enzyme-linked conjugate and buffer. The conjugate and antigen in the standard or sample normally compete for the available antibody binding sites but in the absence of antigen, only conjugate molecules are bound resulting in the maximum detection for the assay conditions used.

Chemiluminescent Detection: An assay detection method based on the measurement of light given off by a molecule. In a chemiluminescent EIA, the enzyme converts the substrate resulting in the emission of light that is detectable at a specific wavelength. The light is measured in Relative Light Units (RLU) and is proportional to the amount of substrate converted. Assuming that all of the enzyme molecules have the same activity, the RLU values become a relative measure of how many conjugate molecules were bound.

Colorimetric Detection: An assay detection method based on the optical density evaluation of a colored sample. In a colorimetric EIA, the enzyme converts the substrate resulting in a colored product whose optical density is proportional to the amount converted. Assuming that all of the enzyme molecules have the same activity, the optical density becomes a relative measure of how many conjugate molecules were bound.

Conditioned Media: Tissue Culture Media that has been exposed to cells. The media would include all added supplements in addition to the molecules secreted by the cells themselves. Conditioned media can be used as a sample matrix. (See Non-Conditioned media)

Conjugate: Two molecules that are covalently linked, one being detectable by some method. (eg: enzyme activity)

Cross Reactivity: Although antibodies are antigen-specific, they can frequently bind other related molecules. The cross reactivity measurement quantifies how efficiently the antibody can bind other molecules.

CV: Coefficient of Variation. The CV is a statistical expression of precision based on the standard deviation and average of multiple measurements. %CV = (Std. Dev/Mean) * 100.

Diluent: Buffer or liquid medium used to dilute a standard or sample.

Drift: The difference in signal seen from one side of the plate to the other. This is often due to a delay in the addition of reagents. The left side of the plate (where reagents were added first) will have longer for the binding reaction to occur than the right side of the plate. This can generally be avoided by adding reagents in a timely manner without interruption.

DynamicRange: The continuous span of high to low analyte concentrations that can be reliably detected in the assay.

ED50: The concentration of the analyte when the %B/Bo is at 50%. It is commonly used as a reference of sensitivity in competitive immunoassays.

Edge Effect: The difference in signal between the exterior and interior wells of a microtiter plate. This is usually due to uneven incubation temperature or incomplete plate sealing at non-ambient temperatures.

EIA: Enzyme Immunoassay. A quantitative analysis involving an antigen bound by an antibody. The detection step is driven by an enzyme that is covalently linked to some portion of the antigen/antibody complex acting upon a substrate to create either a colorimetric, chemiluminescent or fluorescent signal.

Extraction Efficiency: Calculation used to determine the true analyte concentration when extraction protocols are necessary for measurement. The amount of analyte recovered is divided by the amount of analyte in the pre-extraction sample. This number is usually expressed as a percentage.

Fluorimetric Detection: An assay detection method based on the measurement of emitted light given off by an excited molecule. In a Fluorescent EIA, the enzyme converts the substrate resulting in the production of fluorescent molecules that emit light at one wavelength when excited by the presence of light at a different wavelength. The light is measured in Relative Fluorescent Units (RFU) and is proportional to the amount of substrate converted. Assuming that all of the enzyme molecules have the same activity, the RFU values become a relative measure of how many conjugate molecules were bound.

IgG: A specific immunoglobulin class that binds an antigen. IgG is the major immunoglobulin of the blood, lymph, cerebrospinal and peritoneal fluids.

Interference: A condition that prevents the completion of an unrestricted competitive binding reaction and its subsequent detection. Interference can be caused by the presence of certain antibodies (species interference), an overwhelming amount of sample constituents (matrix effect) or inappropriate chemicals in a sample.

Linearity: The ability to consistently detect the same amount of antigen through multiple serial dilutions. When the sample cannot be detected linearly, interference is usually involved.

Matrix: The environment in which something is found. This is a multifunctional term that can be used to refer to the solid matrix that is used during the assay (eg: tubes or microtiter wells) or the source of the sample (eg serum, plasma, saliva, urine, media, etc).

Matrix Effect: A type of interference caused by a constituent of the sample itself. This usually relates to the pH, osmolarity or composition of the sample. If the sample characteristics exceed the limitations tolerated by the assay, a matrix effect will result and sample detection becomes non-linear.

Monoclonal Antibody: A type of antibody derived from hybridoma cells. These antibodies are of higher purity and specificity than polyclonals.

Neat Sample: Undiluted or unaltered sample.

Non-conditioned Media: Tissue Culture Media that contains all supplements, but has not been exposed to cells. Non-conditioned media should be used for the standard diluent when samples are conditioned media.

NSB: Non-specific binding. Wells run as NSBs typically contain only buffer and the enzyme-linked conjugate. Because no intermediate molecules are present to specifically retain the conjugate in the well, any enzyme activity that is detected after the washing procedure is there due to non-specific binding.

Polyclonal Antibody: An antibody that is produced by more than one type of cell.

Precision: A statistical evaluation of the ability to detect the same value over multiple measurements. Intra-assay Precision looks at the statistical repeatability within a single assay while Inter-Assay Precision looks at the statistical repeatability over a number of different assay runs.

Sample Recovery: A statistical expression of the ability to measure antigen that has been added to the sample. Sample recovery experiments are conducted to determine the presence and extent of a matrix effect for a typical type of sample. The dilution factor required for an approximate 100% recovery of the added antigen is the recommended minimum dilution to avoid a matrix effect.

Serial dilution: A set of successive dilutions where the prior dilution step serves as the sample source for the next dilution step. This type of format is used to dilute non-discrete standards to make up the standard curve. Samples are also serially diluted when examining linearity or when large final dilutions are required.

Sensitivity: The smallest increment that can be reliably detected. This is the calculated value based on optical density statistical data from the Bo and lowest concentration standard.

Spiked Sample: A sample into which a known concentration of analyte has been added.

TA: Total Activity: The measurement of the maximum enzymatic activity expected for the assay. Total Activity wells typically contain a specific amount of the detection enzyme molecule (conjugate) and substrate.

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Adhd Meds - Time For A New Approach

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

We now know that at least 20% of visits to a pediatrician's office are related to mental illness and ADHD will be high on the list of the diagnoses made there. That is the alarming figure given us by the American Academy of Pediatrics. We also know from our every day experience that millions of children with ADHD are put on ADHD drugs. The alarming fact is that no one seems to know what are the long term effects of these ADHD meds!

These ADHD meds have permeated American society and conditioned children, teenagers and adults i
to a medication addicted society. We are now faced with students and academics taking these drugs illegally to score highly in academic achievement, despite risks of imprisonment in some states. Some people claim that Big Pharm have invented ADHD, as indeed they seem to have invented other conditions like overactive bladder and the latest one is fibromyalgia.

The only consolation is that more and more parents are much better informed now, thanks to the Internet. They are seeking alternative ADHD therapies as the warnings and alarms issued by the FDA have also reached epidemic proportions. The FDA itself knows that out of every 100 children taking these ADHD meds for a year, up to 2% will have a psychotic event (hallucinations, suicidal thoughts etc ). Given all the nasty side effects of these ADHD drugs (Concerta, Ritalin, Strattera and Adderall), parents are looking elsewhere and refuse to medicate their children for what is only a mental disorder. Experts also tell us that the best way to treat ADHD is to combine diet, exercise, behaviour therapy and school support with some medication. However if the medication is dangerous or causes such side effects as loss of appetite, insomnia and stunted growth, then parents are right to seek alternatives which are safer and certainly less expensive.

In the UK complementary medicine enjoys a much greater respect than in the USA. The Queen is treated with Bach flower remedies, for example ! Very often complementary medical therapies can be found under the same roof as the doctor's office so acupuncture, osteopathy, homeopathy and naturopathy are all available and often complementary treatment is recommended.

As regards ADHD there are homeopathic remedies which have been used on ADHD children with great success and have eased the trauma of many a family trying to cope with ADHD. Very often, they have tried the ADHD meds but there have been side effects which are alarming to say the least- not to mention a few cases of death. The homeopathic remedies for ADHD are safe, free of side effects and will ease symptoms so that the ADHD child can grow up to be a healthy fulfilled adult.

About the Author:

Robert Locke is a Health enthusiast who specializes in Children's Health. He has written extensively on ADHD. Discover what <a href="http://www.natural-adhd-cure.com/">ADHD Alternative Therapy</a> is available.

Homeschooling with Literature

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

Literature School
Even some elite colleges employ literature-based learning. Their tools are the Great Books; their principal technique, discussion. The Literature School is not only a successful school, it is the ideal multi-grade family school. Books can be read aloud together, with each child processing the information on his own level. The youngest child can narrate, the middle-aged child can write, the high schooler can report—after doing additional research about the topic, era or personality. Processing will create more lasting
nowledge. I have found this easiest by requiring a written summary of the day's reading.

In narration, the child "tells back," in his own words, a chapter, a short book or a poem. This technique is a trademark of the + Charlotte Mason method and is explained fully in her books as well as in Karen Andreola's A Charlotte Mason Companion. Narration is a particularly good technique to use with a younger child who does not yet write fluently. It is also effective for building English and speech skills and securing information firmly in the child's knowledge repository.
History and Literature
Histories, philosophical works, handbooks and other non-fiction works are literature only in such cases as an appeal is made to the universal emotions common to mankind. That into which no feeling can enter is not literature. History is the record of what man has done, whereas literature is the record of man's thought and emotions. The literature of a period portrays that period in the lives of the characters. Because of this, history should be learned through literature not textbooks. Literature should have the greater emphasis because one only really knows a time by knowing the thoughts and words of the people who lived at that time.
Language Arts
When there is an emphasis on reading from a young age, language skills will be learned effortlessly. The child will write well and exhibit an expanding vocabulary in both speech and writing. You may also find, as we did, spelling class to be unnecessary.
Literature School Basics

1)Select a number of well chosen books.
2)Set a particular time to read each book.
3)Let nothing interfere with your ` scheduling.
4)Use discussion and research to create interest.
5)Process, by writing or narrating.

Each child should have the opportunity to read aloud each day. During this time you can note and correct mispronounced words.
Older Students

  • Present questions that require thought. Some questions may not have one perfect answer. Some may not have an answer at all. Nevertheless, thought is stimulated and learning takes place.
  • Copy challenging writing in order to practice English skills and increase comprehension.
  • Do extensive research in order to understand deeper writing such as poems.
  • Research authors, times and places.
  • Report by presenting orally or compiling results of research in writing. The quantity and quality of written assignments should increase with older students.
  • Solidify language-learning with a formal grammar course and a formal writing course such as the Wordsmith courses by Jane B. Cheaney.

See more easy tips for homeschooling and more literature tips in –
Easy Homeschooling Companion

About the Author Lorraine Curry is the author of the 5-Star books, Easy Homeschooling Techniques and Easy Homeschooling Companion. See free resouces and more at Easy Homeschooling

Homeopathic Remedies For Adhd - Pleasant Surprises For Worried Parents

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

Has your child had a good night's sleep? If he is on ADHD psychostimulants, the answer is probably no ! A staggering 25% -50% of ADHD children on these meds have problems sleeping. That compares with 7% of children who do not have ADHD. If your child were on a homeopathic remedy for ADHD, that problem would simply not exist as there are no side effects and children sleep the whole night through.

Homeopathy for ADHD is gaining more credibility among parents and justifiably so. There are no risks involved and the efficacy is jus
the same, if not better than the standard ADHD meds. Just imagine a world without stunted growth, depression, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, weight loss. These are the well-known side effects of the ADHD meds and the FDA is now more and more concerned about them and is thinking of issuing the black box warning to be put on these medications. The black box warning is only issued on drugs that have a high risk level.

A young twenty year old man in New Zealand attacked a man who was photographing him as he skateboarded. The judge was told that he had been off his ADHD medications and had had an upsurge of impulsive violent behaviour. Is this the sort of future we want for our children ? A homeopathic remedy for ADHD will have no withdrawal symptoms or no highs or crashes. It can also reduce feelings of anger, rage. In addition, it can calm nerves, help the brain to focus better and reduce restlessness and impulsivity. I know parents who are prisoners in their own home because they can never leave their ADHD kids unattended, even for one minute, because of the risk of impulsive violent destructive behaviour.

In addition to a homeopathic remedy for ADHD, the parent will want the best possible attention for him or her at school. Liaison with the teacher is essential and you should also find out if TSS ( Therapeutic Staff Support) is available for your child. That person can work on a one-one basis with your child to try and solve some problems they may be experiencing in the school setting.

A homeopathic remedy for ADHD is the ideal solution when used in tandem with school support, outdoor activities and diet. A shocking statistic is that about 85% of children to-day are not getting their 5 fruit and veg a day. The amounts they do get is only in the form of French fries and tomato ketchup ! Parents now are also looking to provide healthier , organic food when they can and of course, less processed food which has the food additives and food dyes which are known to negatively impact on behaviour.

You may be curious to know what goes into making up a homeopathic remedy for ADHD. The ingredients are all natural and taken from minerals and plants and processed to the very highest standards. The company in the link below is also a registered FDA facility which offers guarantees which are exceptional.You can find out from the link below more about homeopathy for ADHD and you will be pleasantly surprised.

About the Author:


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Health and Safety Prosecutions and Litigation in UK Schools

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

A Head Teacher's Safety Management Toolkit Article

HEALTH AND SAFETY PROSECUTIONS AND LITIGATION IN UK SCHOOLS
Introduction:

This article sets out some of the background some and examples of
prosecutions and litigation against UK schools.

Whilst Scottish Law and its' Legal System differs from that in
England and Wales the writ of the enforcing and regulating body
the Health and Safety Executive(HSE) runs across the border and
matters are decided in the Criminal Courts.

Litigation ta
es place in the Civil Courts and, in the case of
Health and Safety usually revolves around aspects of the LEA.
Owner, school and teachers' duty of care to children. Almost all
of these cases are civil actions taken by parents on behalf of
the child for damages for injuries subsequent to accidents.

Prosecutions:

The Health and Safety Commission is the actual agency of which
HSE is the executive branch have published an Enforcement Policy
which sets out very clearly the parameters for, and circumstances
in, which the HSE should take action to enforce the Health and
Safety Law and Regulations.

Enforcement of H&S law in the past targeted "Directors" and
"Company Secretaries" and clearly this had a business and
commercial bias.

The current HSC Enforcement Policy appears to be targeting
enforcement action against managers as well as Directors and now
seems to be focused on both the public and private sectors
equally. This is also clarified in the Guidance to the Management
of Health and Safety at Work Regulations which talks about
"organisations" being schools, colleges, voluntary bodies,
councils etc.as well as companies. Personal liability to
prosecutions under the safety law has been extended to person who
exercise a similar role to directors and company secretaries.
This would certainly include Heads as the CEO of their schools
but could also be interpreted to mean Directors/Assistant
Directors, or those persons in the school employer's organization
directing and organising the H&S function.

In short any person or any organisation can be liable to
prosecution under H&S laws and regulations for a range of
offences.

Staff, or others can be liable for putting the health and safety
of others at risk by acting negligently or interfering with
safety equipment. Others can be liable for advising or
conniving to promote unsafe acts.

However,the main area where a cold chill runs down the spine for
teachers and schools is the potential for a child to be killed
and a manslaughter charge to be brought.

Three points here are worth considering:

1. All the manslaughter charges so far made have been on the
basis of gross negligence.

2. HSE does not bring this charge it has a protocol with the
police where both of them run TWO investigations side by side and
the police hand a completed file to the DPP or the Procurator. In
England and Wales it is the DPP who makes any charge of
manslaughter and gross negligence is acknowledged by lawyers to
be difficult to prove.

3. An old lawyer's adage adopted by H&S professionals is that no
one has ever been prosecuted for following good practice.Follow
good practice and you will be secure.

Almost all the manslaughter charges made against teachers have
been involved with offsite visits.I estimate about 1-2,000,0000
school visits have been made over the same period that there have
been about 6 prosecutions for mansalughter.

HSE actions are much more ikely to be for breaches of the law and
regulations.

Primary Schools and breaches of the H&S law.

The actual numbers of prosecutions from 1999 -2003 are actually
very small only about 25 in total are recorded as relating to
Primary Schools on the HSE Database. The following is a breakdown
of what these prosecutions were for:

Breach AgainstNumber 1999 -2004
HASAWA 8
Electricity Regs 3
Manual Handling Regs 2
Management HSW Regs 5
Construction
Design Regs 3
Work Equipment 3
Other 3

So you can see that the main features of prosecutions is for
offences under the Act itself and for breaches of the Management
of Health and Safety at Work Regulations. An important aspect is
that many of these breaches involved contracts, so it is clear
that your control of these needs to be secure.

If you are visited by an inspector they will not generally
prosecute immediately. Though they say that they do use
prosecution as an important lever to help drive the HSC's targets
forward.

Inspectors are much more likely to give advice and information or
in the case of breaches to issue improvement or prohibition
orders

Good news about enforcement

Out of 75 breaches prosecuted by HSE in Primary Schools 1997 -
2003 for which records are available in HSE's Database, none
nominated the Headteacher as the defendant. In all of them an LEA
or other Employer/Contractor was the defendant. The picture for
the make up of breaches is given below.

HSC/HSE says exactly what they mean and are transparent. They
also produce masses of clearly written information free.
References are given to a large selection of these which are
relevant. No one has ever been prosecuted for following good
practice. You may not have the formal documentation but if you
have taken care that you have records this always helps.

Your school must be safe "so far as is reasonably practicable"
This simply means that you cannot work miracles and that safety
has to be judged against what is achievable. However, lack of
money is not an adequate excuse if a Risk Assessment shows that
something needs to be done. But it does mean that if the costs of
protecting completely against a particular risk is too expensive
measured against possible outcomes or not possible, then you have
a defence. However, all of this a judgement and must be measured
against good practice. Unilateral decisions about what is or is
not reasonably practicable should be guarded against. Take advice
or at least research the matter.

You can aim for perfection over a measured time scale. It all
depends on the base that you are starting from. HSE generally
aims to encourage and advise. They generally prosecute only in
extreme situations.

Litigation

A good Safety Management System protects you from Litigation and
also ensures any HSE is a very remote possibility.

The courts are far more frequently used nowadays but even if you
are involved in an action if you have taken the prior precaution
of having a documented system the chances of success of any
claimant are much reduced.

Litigation in the courts has demonstrated that teachers and the
school/employer cannot be held responsible for every accident in
school hours, or at any time that the children are in the control
of schools e.g. during educational visits. The courts accept
that some accidents happen no matter how much care is taken or
how well planning and supervision is carried out.

Where an accident happens in such cases, the teacher/school
cannot be held liable.

Good Practice is a defence and the Headteacher's Safety Toolkit
provides you with proof of your good practice and guidance on
what is acceptable. Some important points flowing from the
following cases which can give a good general guide to the
headteacher are:
•Is an accident "foreseeable" or not ?
•Is the risk very low and are the costs of mitigating the risk
reasonable and proportionate?
•In ny accident involving games or "horseplay" there is consent
and it needs recklessness or a high degree of carelessness to
breach the duty of care.
•Does the school have systems in place
to reduce risk and is it following good or accepted practice ?
•Was the activity leading to the accident "play" or something
else.

Areas most frequently addressed by the court during
litigation include:
•Checks on staff competence and training
•Assessment of what is generally accepted as good practice
•Cross checking that suitable preparations and precautions been
put in place.

The following are a few important court cases
regarding good practice and duty of care in H&S matters which
may, by example illuminate some of the matters decided in the
courts.

Court Cases:
2003 Simonds v Isle of Wight LEA A five year
old returning to school from lunch at home went to play
unsupervised on swings in the school grounds and broke his arm.
The LEA/school won and the judge held that :
•there was no "causative event" for the accident.
•the child was playing alone and that the school
had an adequate way of managing the swings.
•no playground could be free of hazard and it was as
unreasonable for the school to lock the swings as it was to rope
off trees in a playing field.
•since the mother had not delivered the child back
into the care of the school there was no breach of duty on the
part of the school.

1997 Wilson V the Governors of the Sacred Heart RC Primary School
A child going home at end of school day was struck in the eye by another
child's coat .
The Governors won and the judge held that:
•Whilst the school supervised at break and lunchtimes it was not
common practice for children to be tightly supervised at end of
day.
•The accident could have happened just as easily outside
the school gates
•The school had not breached it's duty of care
or acted negligently.

1998 Mullin v Richards
Two children had a "swordfight" with plastic rulers.
One of the rulers broke entering a pupil's eye and causing
permanent damage. The claimfor damages was dismissed on the basis that:
•There was insufficient evidence to prove that the accident
was foreseeable in what had been no more than a childish game.
•The teacher hadnot breached their duty of care

Other areas for Litigation:
Litigation over the years has clarified some of the boundaries of
duty of care and in complex litigation led areas more and more
schools/LEAs/employers are investing in insurances to cover
issues such as breach of duty of care in:
•Bullying
•Actions of poorly or unsupervised pupils
•Undiagnosed or misdiagnosed special needs
•The alleged adverse health effects of drinking, smoking,
or drug taking
•Failure to achieve the expected results at Common Entrance,
GCSE or A level
•Inadvertent breaches of European Union legislation
•Breaches of the Health and Safety legislation,
Data Protection, the Children Act
•Inadequate sports and outdoor activity supervision
•Failure to teach the correct syllabus
•Libel or slander
•Incorrect advice given in an official capacity
•Unfair dismissal
•Infringement of copyright
About the Author Dr. Paddy Swan is a qualified teacher with senior management
experience in UK schools and colleges. He also has almost 25
years safety experience in industry. He has developed over
100 online and multimedia safe systems training solutions.
Paddy is the author of School Basic Safety for Classroom and
Support staff for UK schools and the Headteacher's Safety
Management Toolkit at http://www.swaneducation.co.uk

Sorcerers - Most Powerful Type of Ghosts

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

The sorcerers of the subtle regions are the topmost echelon in the hierarchy of ghosts (demons, devils, negative energies, etc.).

Power and Strength of Sorcerers

Spiritual research conducted by the Spiritual Science Research Foundation (SSRF) shows that the relative spiritual strength of sorcerers is in the range between 100,000 units to infinity. This is compared to the relative strength of a common ghost which is 1. This means that the power of the highest Sorcerer would be almost comparable to the
unmanifest form of God.

How they function

Sorcerers forever work towards their goal of establishing their supremacy, (i.e. an order of unrighteousness) in all the subtle regions as well as Earth region by:

ท         Engaging in a subtle battle with the highest evolved beings from all the positive regions including the subtle plane known as Satyaloka.

ท         Using other types of ghosts as slaves.

ท         By creating social disorder and strife thereby disrupting the social structure.

Who they target

ท         They do not bother affecting average human beings in the Earth region.

ท         They target those already working towards the downfall of humanity.

ท         They also target Saints and seekers of God who are actively dedicated to  bringing about the era of rekindling Spirituality in mankind.

How do Sorcerers affect human beings? Through the environment, they create imbalances in the atmospheric temperature thereby causing extreme restlessness or manipulate the Absolute Cosmic elements and thus are able to create floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, etc. At a physical level they can cause different types of physical illnesses and even mutant strains of virus that can cause pandemics. At a mental level they can put antisocial thoughts in minds of people. At a spiritual level they actively infuse unrighteousness in society, even possessing people who make key decisions for the society.   Salient features of Sorcerers Place of residence : Sorcerers inhabit the regions of Hell from 2nd region onwards. Physical features of sorcerers : Due to their immense spiritual energy they can assume any form be it human or animal form, or create an aura about them that is similar to that of a Saint. Mental features of sorcerers :  Sorcerers are very cunning, scheming and secretive. They get any activity done just by concentrating on the relevant thought during meditation and strive to establish total control on people in places for furthering their objectives. Spiritual features of sorcerers

ท         Sit in meditation for hours and generate immense negative black spiritual energy through meditation.

ท         Access the Absolute Fire element: to assimilate black energy through the medium of various postures (mudraa). The black energy is transmitted in desired directions with the help of respective postures (mudraa).

ท         Skilled in tantra and mantra: They recite the mantras to activate the centers of black energy in their bodies through the medium of speech. They are also highly skilled in tantrik rituals. Tantra is the science of harnessing spiritual energy for worldly purposes.

ท         Knowledgeable in illusory science: They generate their illusory forms through meditation.

Remedy:

Only Saints and positive energies above 95% spiritual level can effectively fight Sorcerers.

Summary:

Intense spiritual practice as per the 5 basic principles of Spirituality coupled with personality defect removal and eradication of ego are the tools to access supreme protection from God that insulates one from the attack of sorcerers of the subtle regions.

Acquiring the Grace of a Guru above 90% spiritual level and through one's own intense spiritual practice is the assured way of being insulated from the distress of Sorcerers of the subtle regions.

More at:

http://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritualresearch/difficulties/Ghosts_Demons/typesofghost_sorcerer.php

About the Author

Sean M. Clarke has been studying and practicing Spirituality with the Spiritual Science Research Foundation (SSRF) over the past 9 years. An MBA graduate from Monash-Mt Eliza Business School, Australia. Sean gave up his regular career as a Strategy and Business Analyst in the technology sector to help co-ordinate dissemination of SSRF research material as a full-time volunteer.

www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org

Guitar Lessons Online - Basic Guitar Lessons for Beginners

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

Are you interested in free guitar lessons? If so, this article will show you the basics on how to play guitar and cover everything you need to know as a beginner guitar player.

If you have looked online to find some free, easy guitar lessons you probably have found that most of them are not so very useful.  Yes, there are many websites that you can look at but not all of them will help you in any certain way.  And what is worse is that while some will show you tips, they might actually not teach you anything.

Wheneve
you venture into learning anything it is always best to learn the right way to do it, learning to play the guitar is the same.  Picking up a bad habit is always easy to do, but if you start with bad habits at the beginning of your guitar playing odds are that you will have a hard time breaking them later on.

There are many things that you should consider when looking for free, easy to learn guitar lessons online.  Things such as whether or not they teach you how to hold the guitar as well as how to hold the pick.  Also you will need to learn the chord names, finger placement and progressions.  Well, and let's not forget the scale names, intervals and fingerings.  These are all things that you should look for when trying to find online guitar lessons.  Some places will even teach you some useful practice lessons as well as warm-ups.

More often than not, when you are searching for free guitar lessons online, you will come across a lot of lessons that will just give you tablature of your favorite songs.  That sounds nice and all but a lot of the time these tablatures are transcribed by guitar players who don't have much more experience than you yourself do.  Kind of like the blind leading the blind huh?

For this reason, it is best to make sure that these free and easy to learn guitar lessons you find have some at least a few of the aspects that I listed for you earlier.  This will ensure that you actually have a chance of learning the guitar and not a badly transcribed song.  Once you learn the fingerings of the chords and scales, as well as learn a good practice routine including a warm up exercise or two, you will ensure that you are practicing the good habits of playing the guitar.

With all of the bogus advice you find online it can be very difficult to decipher which is which.  But once you do, no amount of book reading can take place of actually playing the guitar.  You need to take the time to actually sit down and put what you've learned into play.

So remember, when you go looking online for your guitar lessons, try to make sure that you find ones that teach you the best way to learn to play the guitar.

About the Author Bryan Haizel has over 37 years of guitar playing experience. He gives private guitar lessons to both children and adults, plus has developed a guitar training site where he offers free basic guitar lessons online. To learn how to play guitar, visit: www.guitar-training.info

Test Your General Knowledge- A Quiz Part-2

Posted under Uncategorized by on Wednesday 31 December 1969 at 6:00 pm

General knowledge is important aspect of our studies. As you are reading this article, you might be having read the previous one and reading this one. You have given the answers of the previous 15 questions and now you are ready to give answers of another 15 questions. The other 15 questions are waiting for you just read them and answer them. If you dont know the answer, then you can see the answers given below. You can also compare your answer with the answers given below. So start the stuff

1. What animal is the symbol of the World
ildlife Fund?
Ans. The Giant Panda is the symbol of the World Wildlife Fund.

2. What was the date a man first walked on the moon?
Ans. On the day of 29th July, 1969 Nil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. .

3. Which is the largest wild cat?
Ans. Tiger is the largest wild cat.

4. What colors do a color blind person have trouble distinguishing?
Ans. Red and Green are the colors that color blind people have trouble distinguishing.

5. What year were the Olympics held in Mexico?
Ans. In 1968, The Olympic Games held in Mexico.

6. What bird is used as the sign of peace?
Ans. The Dove is used as the sign of peace.

7. What is the highest Mountain in Africa?
Ans. Mount Kimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa.

8. Which Planet did Superman come from?
Ans. Superman came from Krypton planet.

9. What is the largest man made structure on Earth?
Ans. The Great Wall of China is the largest man made structure on the Earth.

10. What is fastest animal on earth?
Ans. Able to dive at almost 200 miles per hour, the peregrine falcon is not only the fastest flying bird in the world, but the fastest animal on earth

11. What is the annual list of all ships called?
Ans. Lloyds Register.

12. Who plays Mrs. Weasley in Harry Potter?
Ans. Julie Walters Plays the role of Mrs.Weasley in all the Harry Potter films.
13. When the famous pop-star Michael Jackson Born?
Ans. Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958

14. What does the abbreviation E.G. stand for?
Ans. It stands for Exempli Gretia or For Example.

15. How Many Pounds do you have if you have 1 million pennies?
Ans. I will have a 10,000 Pounds if I have 1 million pennies.

16. What does BBC stand for?
Ans. BBC stands for British Broadcasting Corporation.

17. Who invented the Train?
Ans. George Stephenson invented train in 1822.

18. What is the international radio code word for the letter R?
Ans. The international radio codeword for the letter R is Romeo.

19. Who played the role of mask in famous movie The Mask?
Ans. Jim Carry played that role of mask.

20. When McDonalds founded?
Ans. The McDonalds founded on May 15, 1940 in San Bernardino, California.

So now, you have given the second test for improving your General Knowledge. Do you know? The questioners are the best way of improving the general knowledge. They help you improving your general knowledge by the information you want.

About the Author:

After reading this article and given GK test, read more about Quiz India and General Knowledge India. Visit our website.

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