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The UN convention on Biological Diversity has defined Biotechnology as "Biotechnology means any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary subject. The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) considers biotechnology as the integration of natural sciences and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. As we have seen from the def
nition of Biotechnology, it spreads over a wide spectrum of technologies. The key constituents of Biotechnology are: Chemical Engineering, Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology, Immunology, Molecular and cell Biology, Human, Animal and Plant Physiology. Biotech industry now has almost captured every sphere of human life. The industry segment is vast. To find the key trends of the industry and the market segment it covers, I will give a broad spectrum of applications of Biotechnology and its market segment. Bioprocess Technology: Better know as fermentation technology. Traditional forms of bioprocess technology related to food and beverages, but new products are increasingly being derived from microbial and mammalian fermentations. Bioprocess technology is increasingly using cells derived from higher plants and animals to produce many important products, foods and beverages. Enzyme Technology: Food production and preservation, improvement of the environment, and other medical sectors. Waste Technology: Biotechnology is used to produce Single cell protein (SCP) from organic wastes. SCP is used as protein supplement for animals and human. The waste technology is also supplementary to Environmental and Energy Technology, giving rapid progress in these two segments. Environmental Technology; Waste water and sewerage treatment, Landfill technologies, composting, bioremediation, Detection and monitoring pollutants, microbes and geological environment, environmental sustainability and clean technology. Renewable Resources Technology: The use of biomass as a source of energy supplements the use of fossil fuel. Plant, animal, agriculture: Plant Biotechnology, Improved varieties of agricultural products using tissue culture, improved resistance to specific herbicides, improved resistance to insects, pests and microbial diseases, improved post harvest characteristics, production of high values oil products, forest biotechnology, biological control, animal biotechnology, genetic engineering for transgenic animals, genetically engineered hormones and vaccines, animal organs for human patients, diagnostic in agriculture, genetically developed seeds, Health care: New products based on biotechnology are appearing almost daily in the market place, These includes therapeutic products, pre-natal diagnosis of genetic diseases, vaccines, immunodiagnostic and DNA probe of disease identification, and genetic therapy. The use of Antibiotics, Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, Biopharmaceuticals, insulin, somatostain, interferons, lympokines, Gene therapy are giving new impetus to fight the diseases like AIDS, cancer etc. This is one of the most important segments of market, where Biotechnology is going to take over completely. Crime detection and identity verification: This segment deals with use of genetics for crime detection. Metal recovery; Genetically designed microbes are used in the process of extracting oil from ground and metals from factory waste. Today Biotech industry has penetrated in every sphere of human life. While looking into the market segment and key trend in Biotech industry, we need to consider another factor of the use of Biotechnology, which is gaining momentum over the years, i.e. ethical questions arising out of use of Biotechnology. There is a group of population, who are against use of genetically developed fruits and vegetables. There is going to be an influence of this sentiment in deriving the market segment of Biotech industry. However the positive use of Biotechnology too great, and we can look forward for new additions of Products and Services using Biotechnology.
About the Author Kate Gardens is a custom essay writing expert writer and UK customers support consultant at Customessays.co.uk. Get more details for custom essay writing, essay writing and find more tips for coursework .

"Supplementary training may be available for those seeking to become animal massage therapists and/or equine massage therapists. If you are already a practicing massage therapist, there are elective and continuing education courses that offer acupressure programs to enhance client services."

Find Acupressure Programs in the United States and Canada.  If you are interested in learning and applying a unique form of massage therapy that is similar to acupuncture but without the needles, there are several acupressure p
ograms available today that allow prospective healers to become certified in acupressure.  Depending on the training you want to acquire and the licensure you would like to earn, it is always important to review potential healing arts schools to find the right course for you.

For example, acupressure programs are often offered in separate training levels like basic, intermediate and advanced.  Supplementary training may be available for those seeking to become animal massage therapists and/or equine massage therapists. If you are already a practicing massage therapist, there are elective and continuing education courses that offer acupressure programs to enhance client services.

While participating in acupressure programs, students learn the fundamentals of anatomy, physiology, acupressure/shiatsu, and clinical training, among other subject matter.  Students are taught how to stimulate points (meridian/acupoints) on the body to help restore balance and improve overall circulation. Once students have successfully completed all required coursework and hands-on instruction in this bodywork, they will have gained the skills necessary to facilitate acupressure as a treatment to alleviate common health conditions and disorders. 

Some acupressure programs are integrated into other main courses offering Tui Na (Chinese medical massage), Eastern massage, Oriental massage and Zen Shiatsu.  In most cases, successful completion of acupressure programs is awarded with a diploma or certificate; however, a number of massage therapy schools that include acupressure as part of the course, may result in certification and/or licensure.  Like many massage therapy courses, acupressure programs vary in length of training hours.  In some cases, students can take a beginner course in acupressure and complete it in as little as 100-150 hours.  Advanced acupressure programs may exceed 500 hours.

If you (or someone you know) are interested in finding acupressure programs let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, cosmetology, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore career school programs near you.

Acupressure Programs Today

ฉ Copyright 2007

The CollegeBound Network

All Rights Reserved

NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.

About the Author Resource Box: CarolAnn Bailey-Lloyd - Freelance Writer and Web Consultant for HolisticJunction.com, in association with CollegeSurfing.com - Educational Resources for Massage Therapy Schools, Acupressure Programs, and other studies.

The first step to finding the right online university is to decide what degree you want. Do you want an undergraduate or graduate degree? Are you interested in a certificate program for work related study? If you are returning to school for work, you may want to get feedback from your employer for this decision. List your long and short term career goals to help you decide which degree will help you reach your goals best. Once you have decided on a major, you can start to research different schools.

Find out the requirements for
dmission into the program. Each university has its own set of regulations. All schools will want to see your transcripts from high school or college. Some will ask for test scores as well. Make sure you can meet the minimum requirements for admission before you apply. Gathering the necessary documentation before beginning the application process will save time later.

Distance education programs have different on campus requirements. Some require that you come to campus a few times each semester, while others allow you to complete the entire program at home. Programs offered completely online are more difficult to find, depending on the degree you are seeking. Make sure you can commit to the schedule required by the university. A program that requires you to travel to campus one or more times should be within driving distance of your home.

Find out if the school you will be attending is regionally accredited. Accreditation only matters when you need financial aid or plan to transfer the credits you receive to another university. Some accept credits from schools that are regionally accredited, but others do not. Check with the college you plan on attending later to make sure the credits will transfer. If you are getting your complete degree from the same school, accreditation may not be important.

Another time accreditation may matter is if you are completing a degree that will require a state license. Degrees in nursing, social work and education require licensing. Check with your state to make sure they will accept your degree for licensing. Some states won't accept degrees from schools not recognized by the US Department of Education. Check with your school, state or Department of education to find out if the college is recognized.

If you have credits you want to transfer from another school, make sure the online university you are considering will accept your credits. Have your official transcripts sent to the school for an admissions counselor to review. Ask about any restrictions the school has for transferring credits. Most colleges won't accept more than fifty percent of the degree requirements in transfer credits. Some have a limit on the time you can transfer credits, usually ten years.

Ask if the university offers credit for job or life experience. If you have extensive experience in the business world, some schools will give you some college credits for this. You may be required to show documentation of your experience or be given an exam. The requirements and number of credits offered varies by school, so be sure to ask. These credits can shorten the amount of time you need to spend in school and can help get your degree faster.

About the Author:

Find tips about teaching diversity and teaching handwriting at the Teaching Quotes website.

SpaBeautySchools.com Provides Featured School Program to Interested Students, Educational Institutions, and other Visitors

Individuals pursuing career fields as hair stylists, manicurists, estheticians, or salon managers can gain comprehensive education and training through Pat Goins Beauty School.  Boasting four locations throughout Louisiana, Pat Goins Beauty Schools offer curriculums in cosmetology, manicuring and cosmetology teacher training in spacious classrooms and large clinics averaging about 10,000 square
feet in size. 

School Director, Jim Goins emphasized the school's accreditation with the National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences (NACASS),  "Applicants can be assured of a certain quality of education, and the membership (to the NACASS) indicates that the Pat Goins Beauty School attempts to stay up to date with the latest changes in cosmetology education and areas of expertise" 

Pat Goins Beauty School's cosmetology program encompasses 1,500 training hours in hair styling, cutting, coloring, high-lighting/low-lighting, manicuring (cultured nails, nail tips, gel tips, nail repairs), pedicures, and skin care.  All of the school's programs emphasize real-world training, Goins adds. "We operate a clinic in order to give students a realistic view to what students will be doing when they graduate — as much for their benefit as possible so that students gain real-life experience."

The 600-hour manicure program at Pat Goins Beauty School offers in-depth instruction in pedicures and manicure, sculpture nails, gel nails, silk wrap, nail tips, and other related studies. 

Its cosmetology teacher training program entails 750 instructional hours in how to make lesson plans, prepare visual aids, perform basic paperwork (i.e., registration, graduation, etc.), and submit hours to the state board. Students are also taught about calculating grades, cash register operation, and other essential business skills. In addition, those in the cosmetology teacher training program are required to develop lesson plans for each lesson in the cosmetology manual prior to graduation.

As an added incentive, Goins stresses how the school works with experienced students. "We give all transfer students a test to determine level of education and we make an effort to give credit for out-of-state classes," he explains. Once students successfully complete individual courses of study, graduates are awarded diplomas. Candidates may then gain licensure after they've passed the national exam. 

Pat Goins Beauty School participates in financial aid programs, such as the Federal PELL grant, supplemental education opportunity grants, and other student loan programs. 

When asked what might compel prospective students to apply to the school, Goins emphasized the school's longevity: "The fact that we've been in business for 38 years says we're doing something right." And, while Pat Goins Beauty Schools offers extensive career placement services, Goins explains that in his 21-year career, they have only had to assist one student. "We get calls every week for our students."  

SpaBeautySchools.com recognizes Pat Goins Beauty School and applauds its quality standards in cosmetology training. If you would like more information about this fine cosmetology school, please visit Pat Goins Beauty School today.

Featured School the Week: Pat Goins Beauty School

ฉCopyright 2007

The CollegeBound Network

All Rights Reserved NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.

About the Author Resource Box: CarolAnn Bailey-Lloyd - Freelance Writer and Web Consultant for SpaBeautySchools.com - part of The CollegeBound Network, an interactive media company that specializes in recruitment lead generation solutions for colleges, universities, and career schools.

Pervasive developmental disorders first began to appear in the early 1980s. Pervasive development disorders like autism are relatively new on the diagnostic scene. Professionals use the DSM IV as the primary diagnostic tool to classify these disorders. Autism research and other studies dedicated to these modern disorders are still in their early stages.

Autism research has yet to make significant progress in uncovering the causes of the condition. Numerous professionals have spent countless hours, weeks, and even years in an
effort to obtain significant results to expand our understanding of the disorder.

One in every 175 children are said to be diagnosed with autism or related pervasive development disorders. Last years statistics show that one in every 166 was diagnosed.

This drop although positive, is sadly insignificant considering that only one in 10,000 was diagnosed about ten years ago. The alarming increase in the number of children who were diagnosed has increased the clamor for more autism research.

Recent autism research has discovered some valuable information about the disorder and the data can be organized into three major categories: causes, treatment, and cure.

The exact causes of the disorder are still unknown but some tests indicate that genetics may be responsible. However, more information are still being gathered and results so far have been inconclusive.

Some experts have proposed that the cause of the disorder lies in vaccination shots, specifically MMR vaccines that were administered to infants when they were around eighteen months of age. However, no autism research has supported this claim and the debate about the disorder continue.

Fortunately, research has helped determine what treatments might work best for this population. Programs like Applied Behavior Analysis have proven to be successful in treating some cases of autism. Some agencies across the country use a combination of strategies and interventions to aid children and adults to function to the best of their capacity.

The efforts of experts and researchers involved in autism research have not yet found a cure. This disorder are still a mystery even to the most knowledgeable doctors in the world. It continues to frustrate numerous professionals, parents, and care givers who are eager to put autism and related pervasive developmental disorders to rest.

The treatment for autistic disorders has come a long way. Our understanding of the problem has grown almost as quickly as the rate of diagnosis. Hopefully, autism research will come up with more answers to help children and adults around the world just as quickly.

About the Author Morgan Hamilton offers expert advice and great tips regarding all aspects concerning Autism Research. Visit our site for more helpful information about Autism Research and other similar topics.

The life of a student can actually be classified quite efficiently, if corresponded with a simple video game.
The beginning, in which the student finishes grades 1-10, and completing Inter or metric. As with everything in life, the beginning is just the easy part. But nevertheless, Stage one completed.
After this significant step in the students life, he now faces a major cross-road right in his face. 'Doctor or Engineer?' This could possibly be the most spoken and pondered question by Pakistani 15 year olds. Choosing a caree
after Inter, or matriculation, is one of the biggest decision a student can make. His whole future, the immediate and in the long term, is decided when this decision is made. Pressure from all aspects of his life strongly influences this monumental decision; advice from friends and colleagues, parents and relatives, and also the financial state of his family. Another major factor, that may have tipped the scale on numerous occasions, is the traditional Pakistani belief that the only respected profession is either to become a doctor, or an engineer.
Straining under all the pressure, the student makes his choice, if in fact it was his decision. He chooses to persue a career in the vast field of medicine, in hopes of ultimately becoming a doctor, and along the way ful-filling his family's hopes and desires. He now faces two grueling years of pre-medical, in which he studies with a vengeance and achieves outstanding marks.
Stage two completed.
He applies for a seat in a prestigious university. He is invited to sit the admission test. It goes well, but under par of his usual performance. The student is confident he can get a seat in this university. Result day arrives with somber news. The student is devastated. The university offered his place to another student who fared better in the entrance exam, but achieved lower grades in pre-med.
In Pakistan,a student in this situation has only a handful of choices. He could apply in a private university, but the fee scares away most hopefuls. He could join one of the numerous coaching classes(Private Universities/Institutes), where he spends years earning a degree of BBA,BCS, etc, which is thrown back in his face when he applies for a job due to the Institute not being accredited. Or he could simply recap, take Maths, apply for an engineering university and hope that he gets in, and hope that the two years he spent studying pre-med were not wasted and don't severely affect his future student life.

This is not about one day ruining the life of a person. It's about the saturation in the field of medicine. All parents want their sons and daughters to be successful in life, this should be the main goal of all students. Not to simply become a doctor, as is drilled into some children's minds. Good doctors are needed but are also well in supply. A student should carefully consider what he himself wants to do, and not what others want from him. There are 11000 students who successfully complete pre-med each year, and there are 600 available seats. Each year approximately 10500 students have their hopes dashed. 21000 parents are crushed. Statistics are important to convey a point, and the numbers in this case are just too hard to be rolled over. Of the 10500 students, approximately 5000 students find alternate courses to join and move onto stage three and four. But for the rest of the hopeful pre-med students, who might have fared much better selecting another course to do back when they were 15, its game over.

Many questions arise on completing PhD studies. This article answers that.

The use of e-books is increasing as they are a great way to promote a service or product but many people are not that confident about writing them. If you have been considering doing this already but are not sure how then read on as some useful information is discussed here. Some people use other writers to help with the content until they feel happy they can do this on their own.We all have areas where we are knowledgeable and this is the place resea
ching your e-book so start by writing some articles to gauge interest in the subject; because if there is an interest, people will pay. Articles are less intimidating to write than a book, and you can use some of the articles as promotional tools to create demand for your forthcoming book. Post several articles on various websites, as well as on the article directories and the number of views your articles receive will show you what potential your book has for making sales. Once this is complete you can start writing the content of the e-book and work out how you want it to look. If you are worried about the structure you should not go wrong of you follow the normal introduction section, body content and then a conclusion to the subject which might also have a helpful resources area as well. Consider writing several more articles as a bonus because adding this as a bonus will enhance your sales.Normally authors will write an article and then insert it into their e-book as this gives them an idea of how it will look when it is completed. E-Books are shorter than print books with the optimum length being around 50 pages so stick to the topic, and offer good, useful information. People do not like reading on compute screens so prefer to have shorter books that do not drift from the subject.Most e-books provide bonus material so if you can find some include this as it will be welcomed. You can easily write some extra articles or provide another report you have complied. However, as with all the material you create for your e-Book, ensure that your bonus material is relevant because it should be valuable on its own.

About the Author Francisco Segura manages and runs http://www.phdstudiescentral.com/donna-hilton-phd.html Donna Hilton PhD

For many people, the menacing and overpowering awareness of their financial state is enough to keep them awake at night. And it's no wonder, since we spend so much of our daily lives doing mental accounting of our finances, paying bills, and watching our paperwork pile up. This financial anxiety can be paralyzing for some, keeping them in an endless poverty consciousness cycle that actually prevents them from attracting the abundance they so desire.

If you suffer from these self-sabotaging fears, it's time to learn how to rele
se their hold on you. And you may be surprised to learn that the remedy is really no different than treating a physical ailment.

When you are sick, you take herbs and nurture yourself in order to regain your health. Apply this principle to your emotional state and use action to relieve your symptoms. Include a simple ritual and a customized aromatherapy blend to your daily routine and you will soon find yourself free from the financial fears that were holding you back.

Start by taking the following actions to welcome prosperity into your life:

–Clear the Clutter–
Are you apprehensive about your accounting, allowing it to pile up and clutter your life? Consider the negative message that sends about your abilities to manage your finances. Eliminating clutter is a major principle in Feng Shui. When you clear it, you also eliminate the emotional clutter as well. Do a major de-cluttering this week. Make it a point to organize your papers, file your receipts, etc. Then, make sure to maintain your new sense of order.

–Change Your Perspective on the Situation–
We are often reluctant to address our finances because we are afraid of what we will find. Will we find more debt? Will we discover we have less money than we need? Change your perspective today by doing an inventory of your life. Make a list of all your goods: possessions, relationships, success stories, health, etc. See how much you have on hand instead of how much you lack. And remember, no matter how bad it gets, there is always a way out.

–Aromatic Blend to Transcend Your Financial Fears–
This blend will boost your confidence, willpower, and courage. In a 10-ml bottle, add the following essential oils and fill with an organic vegetable oil:

ท 5 drops Bay leaves Essential Oil
ท 5 drops Rosemary Essential Oil
ท 4 drops Cinnamon Essential Oil

Anoint the solar plexus, lower back. Pour a few drops into the palm of your hands and breathe it in deeply. Use it in the morning, when feeling scared or anxious about a financial situation.

Order the oils you need to prepare your blend:
===> http://www.aromalchemy.com/aromatherapy/ouroils.html

–Your 10-Minute Ritual–
This exercise will replenish your body and mind in positive energy, thus helping you attract abundance into your life.

Sit silently in a quiet place for several minutes. Visualize yourself surrounded by and absorbing a golden color within your entire body, each organ, each cell. Imagine it radiating out. Hold this vision for at least 10 minutes. Feel how your body is full of this golden color.

Pour a few drops of the aromatic blend into the palms of your hands and breathe it in deeply. Say the following affirmation three times aloud:

"I am the creator of my own wealth and take action today toward abundance"

In Good Health,
Francoise Rapp
http://www.AromAlchemy.com

(c) Francoise Rapp, 2002. Internationally renowned aromatherapist and alchemist, Francoise Rapp, shares her expertise in using essential oils to heal and revitalize body and mind at http://www.aromalchemy.com. Highlights include aromatherapy classes, pure & organic essential oils, recipes and aromatic treatments for health and wellness, and a free weekly newsletter. Discover the power of aromatherapy today at http://www.aromalchemy.com!
About the Author Internationally renowned aromatherapist and alchemist Fran็oise Rapp shares her expertise each week in her free ezine, the Arom'Alchemy Newsletter. To subscribe, visit www.aromalchemy.com/education/newsletter.html.

Today, Feng Shui and the use of Mirrors is a subject I cover separately during a consultation.  I ask my clients to be careful in their choice of mirrors and their placement and primarily see that they are unaware of the power of mirrors.

In Feng Shui, mirrors have the potential, depending on your intentions, of creating several feelings and principles and we should keep them ALL in mind when using them.  The have the power to "pull" people into a space and are therefore used sometimes to grace someone in
o your space.  For example, if you walk into a home or business and you hit a blank wall, you want the person to feel welcomed and graced.  Mirrors, properly placed, can help do just that.

They are also used to intentionally "push" negative or unpleasant energy away.  For this reason, many consultants advocate the use of a Bagua mirror over their front door.  The intention behind this is simply to deflect any street energy and keep your space as your own.  They are especially beneficial over the front door when you live in a cul de sac or you have something facing your house, such as a school. 

However, in your home they also can give you the feeling of being pushed out.  I always suggest to my clients to have someone hold a mirror and try different placements to see how it FEELS before hanging it.  If it makes you feel graced and welcomed, you can be sure it will be well placed.  Although if you feel that the mirror is pushing you away, choose another placement for it.

Did you know mirrors should always be bigger then your head?  It's a simple reason really, though not thought of often.  We are surrounded by our Aura's (our energy field) and when a mirror only fits your face or head we are cutting off our own energy field which should always surround us.

If you have been reading about Feng Shui you have probably seen that almost everyone agrees that mirrors are best left out of the bedroom.  There are several reasons for this and they are all important.  Depending on your bed placement and the arrangement of your furniture, you can feel pushed out of your own space while trying to rest and restore.  A mirrored headboard, for example, can make you feel like you're being pushed right out of your bed, even if you don't feel it consciously.  You may not be sleeping well and not realize this is the reason.  Mirrors facing you are not a good idea as well; waking up to your own image every morning when you are not at your best is not a good idea.  If you don't want to take down these mirrors, a simple and inexpensive idea is to balance them so you don't see your reflection.  Putting a tall vase of silk flowers, for example, is an easy method to not only avoid seeing your own reflection but to add color and elements to the room. 

For closeted mirrors that span a large size of the room, if you don't wish to remove them they can be covered at night by semi-sheer curtains which will add a different look and texture to the room and help you accomplish better sleeping patterns. 

Finally, one important point when hanging a mirror.  Remember they intensify anything they are reflecting.  Before hanging the mirror, make sure they reflect something lovely.  You can use them to reflect outside, thereby "bringing the outside in" or a beautiful piece of artwork that you've hung which will add more color and texture.  Make sure they are not reflecting a bare wall! 

Tips for mirrors and all things to do with Feng Shui need not be expensive or difficult to create.  Use your imagination and get some help from a professional if you need it and you can create the balance and harmony you are seeking for your home or office.

About the Author

Certified Feng Shui Consultant since 1997, Founder of Feng Shui Long Island serving all of Long Island, New York City and Queens with caring and affordable consultations on site and available online to those at a distance for Homes, Offices and Real Estate.  Keynote speaker for large and small corporations and published author, please visit my website for additional credentials and services at http://www.FengShuiLI.com or email me directly at FengShuiLI@aol.com

Carole Provenzale

Does the expression "study skills" fill your mind with pictures of taking caffein or stronger mind-enhancing drugs for a few days before the exams in the hopes of scraping a pass? You can study well enough to avoid using caffein. There are just a few simple steps…

Easy Study Skills for Exams

Study skills: do you start reading at one end of your library and try to read through to the other end?

Of course not. So you already know one effective approach. Be selective! We can b
ild on that now.

More Study Skills - what not to study

Whole books…

Your lecturer tells you to read "War and Peace". If you have study skills you won't! Even with perfect memory - how much of the book can you cover in an exam essay that takes 40 minutes to write?

Look through the library for abridged versions of your books, or commentaries… Now you're using your study skills.

Buy your textbooks 2nd hand. Why do you think they are in perfect condition? Because the last students hardly opened them!

Why should you buy books that the last student didn't read? Now you're thinking! Now you're using study skills.

Whole syllabus…

One benefit of attending classes is that you get a skeleton outline to apply your study skills. The skeleton will be complete for the sake of completeness. But only some parts matter to your study skills.

Study yourself - you're interesting aren't you?

Each day write down at what time of day you didn't mind using your study skills, and could really get down to work. Write down the times when you hated to study. I study best early in the morning. You might study best late at night.

Do you work best in a totally silent room, or with background music?

Do you work better if you are petting the dog or does it interfere with your study skills?

Use your spying study skills

Find past exam papers in the library. Put them in order by date, then go through the earliest one, and write down the subjects in a column at the left of your page. Put the date at the top of the second column and a tick for each subject. Now put the date of the next paper and a tick opposite each subject that is repeated, and write in any new subjects.

Do the same for all the years that you have. Why is the date important? Look at your table. If a subject appeared every year from the left, then suddenly stopped appearing it probably means that the examiner changed. Study all the subjects that appear every year first. Then study those that appear four years out of five… you get the idea.

Important study skills - Make a calendar

Plan in detail which subjects you'll study on which days until the exam.

Don't be too ambitious. You already know that at some times of the day you can't use your study skills. You know that you won't want to study on your birthday or Christmas day or… Just be realistic. A calendar that gives you over a thousand hours of study isn't as good as one that gives you 400 hours that you can stick to.

Become an expert

An expert is someone who knows more and more about less and less.

You've used your study skills to cut out big chunks of your syllabus. Use the time you save to learn more about the parts you've left than the examiner knows. Use the internet to search for exciting snippets of information about your shortened syllabus.

Perhaps your examiner doesn't know the exact day of the week on which an important bit of history happened. Perhaps you've forgotten what you read about it, but write down your best guess. The examiner will be impressed, because he doesn't know that you got it wrong!

Study skills for the day of the exam

Everyone will tell you that if you don't know it, it is too late to learn. They are wrong! They are talking about long-term memory. You will be using short-term memory.

As you are sitting outside the exam room study your formulae, or dates, or anything else that you have difficulty remembering. Whenever the examiner says that you can start writing, write down all these things on scrap paper. You have managed to remember them for ten minutes. You can now forget them until you need them again, which may be never.

Study skills in the exam

"That isn't allowed!" you exclaim. It definitely is allowed. If you have a multiple choice paper just miss every question that you don't know. There is usually another related question somewhere. When you see it, you will work out the answer to the question that you didn't know. That is study isn't it?

Conclusion

Study smart - not longer than everyone else. Start with a free report on the most powerful exam technique.

About the Author Ian has worked as farmhand, dairyman, tractor driver, street photographer,  brickie's mate, electronic designer, computer programmer, desktop publisher, but nothing is as much fun as getting paid to write. Get your free report about the easy way to writing essays.
http://studying-techniques.com/essays.html